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TUCSON, Ariz. (13 News) – Sen. Mark Kelly introduced two bills Friday aimed at preserving human judgment and accountability as artificial intelligence is integrated into military operations.
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would establish requirements to ensure autonomous weapon systems are developed, tested and employed with meaningful human oversight over the use of force. Rep. Suhas Subramanyam, D-Va., introduced similar legislation in the House.
, introduced with Sen. Tom Cotton, R-Ark., directs the Department of Defense to assess how AI integration affects warfighter effectiveness, skill retention and operational readiness.
Human control over weapons
The legislation builds on Kelly’s AI for America roadmap released last year.
“AI is already making our military more capable, but we have to be smart about how we integrate it to keep Americans safe,” Kelly said. “We can’t lose the essential skills that make our military the best in the world or implement systems that could make life and death decisions without human accountability.”
The Ultimate Human Responsibility in Defense Systems Act codifies principles from DoD Directive 3000.09. It establishes a DoD-wide requirement for meaningful human judgment for autonomous weapon systems and artificial intelligence capabilities.
The bill defines “ultimate human responsibility” as ensuring human commanders and operators can understand, supervise, intervene in or terminate the use of force and maintain compliance with U.S. and international law.
It directs DoD to develop technical, operational and organizational guidelines governing military AI use and unlawful applications of AI. The legislation also creates a centralized DoD database to track system failures, unintended behaviors, near misses, human-machine interaction failures and targeting actions inconsistent with commander intent.
“This bill ensures that a human operator can always oversee, override, or shut down an autonomous weapon,” Subramanyam said.
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Skill retention focus
The WARP Act directs DoD to assess how AI integration impacts warfighter readiness, skill retention and operational effectiveness. It requires identification of military roles where critical skills must be sustained as AI-enabled systems become more widely used.
The bill also requires DoD to determine how to preserve independent judgment and proficiency when AI systems are unavailable or compromised, and recommend updates to training, doctrine and readiness policies.
“In future conflicts, our military advantage will depend on leveraging AI as much as possible, and just as importantly, whether we can adapt and execute when AI systems fail,” Cotton said.
The legislation addresses concerns that adversaries like China and Russia are working to disrupt and disable U.S. military AI systems.
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